Slide Presentations-> Peanut Weed Control Update - 2022

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Peanut Weed Control Update - 2022

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Eric P. Prostko
Professor and Extension Weed Specialist
University of Georgia

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Peanut Weed Control Update - 2022 Eric P. Prostko Extension Weed Specialist Department of Crop & Soil Sciences

Valor (Flumioxazin) in Sprayers Source: Sumitomo Technical Update 1) Flumioxazin is not very water soluble! Only 1.8 ppm 2) For comparison: dicamba acid = 4500 ppm glyphosate acid = 15,700 ppm glufosinate = 1,370,000 ppm 3) Tank-cleaners or ammonia raise pH and increase Valor breakdown * ½ life at pH 9 is only 15-22 minutes *Even new rubber hoses have cracks

Wild radish???? Turner Co. June 24, 2021

On-Time Works 100% of the time Excellent crop safety any GPA or nozzle tank-mix with anything no rotational restrictions FREE Obstacles Farm size Weather breakdowns Beach Vacations ???

Peanut Weed Control – 2021 How does this happen? PE-09-21 June 15 36 DAP 205/206/207

Peanut Weed Control – 2021 How does this happen? PE-09-21 June 29 50 DAP 205/206/207

Peanut Weed Control – 2021 How does this happen? PE-09-21 July 14 65 DAP 205/206/207

Peanut Weed Control – 2021 How does this happen? PE-09-21 August 5 87 DAP 205/206/207 Started clean Twin Rows (36”-9”) Strong residual program activated with irrigation Prowl or Sonalan or Dual or Warrant or Outlook + Valor + Strongarm (0.225 oz/A) On-Time (25 DAP) POST application with additional residual Cadre + 2,4-DB + Residual (Anthem Flex or Dual Magnum or Outlook or Warrant or Zidua)

Aim 2EC + COC Peanut Harvest Aid - 5 DAT

Flail Mower and Peanut - 2021 August 10, 2021 GA-16HO 92 DAP

Flail Mower and Peanut – 2021 Before August 10, 2021 GA-16HO 92 DAP

Flail Mower and Peanut – 2021 After (2 passes in opposite directions, ~2 MPH) August 10, 2021 GA-16HO 92 DAP

History of Classic® Use in Peanut First registered for use in 1988 DuPont-Corteva-AMVAC Late-season control of Florida beggarweed 60 DAE until 45 DBH Peanut Response height/chlorosis cultivar tolerance Southern Runner GA-06G Tifguard

Influence of Classic® Timing on Peanut Yield - 2021* *Averaged over 5 cultivars (GA-18RU, GA-20VHO, AUNPL-17, TIFNV HIGH O/L, FLORUN 331) P=0.4778

UGA Current Classic®/Cultivar Use Recommendations NO GA-06G Tifguard YES Florida-07 GA Greener GA-07W GA-09B GA-20VHO GA-18RU AUNPL-17 TIFNV HIGH O/L FLORUN 331

Tropical Spiderwort/Benghal Dayflower Plow (i.e. bury seed) Twin Rows Group 15’s (Dual Magnum, Warrant, Outlook, Zidua, Anthem Flex) Paraquat Cadre? Strongarm? Manage after field corn harvest.

Georgia Rainfall Totals – 2021 April 15-October 15

Figure 1. Tropical Spiderwort/Benghal Dayflower Control in Peanut As Influenced by Row Pattern Source: Yoder et al. 2003. Peanut weed management under varying row patterns and tillage regimes. WSSA Abstracts 43:81.

Figure 2. Tropical Spiderwort/Benghal Dayflower Emergence As Influenced by Burial Depth Source: Sabila et al. 2012. Evaluation of factors that influence Benghal dayflower (Commelina benghalensis) seed germination and emergence. Weed Science 60:75-80.

Figure 3. Tillage Effects on Tropical Spiderwort/Bengal Dayflower Density Source: Brecke et al. 2005. Impact of tillage and herbicides on Tropical Spiderwort. Proceedings of Tropical Spiderwort Symposium, Tifton, GA. November 29, 2005.(http://gaweed.com/tsw2005/index.html)

Figure 4. The Influence of Burial Duration (8” depth) on Tropical Spiderwort/Benghal Dayflower Seed Viability Source: Riar et al. 2012. Benghal dayflower (Commelina benghalensis ) seed viability in soil. Weed Science 60:589-592.

TSW Control in Peanut with Paraquat + Dual Magnum (Applied 17 DAP) 32 DAT

What do the top Georgia peanut growers do? 2020 Georgia Peanut Achievement Club Winners 14 growers 167 to 1482 acres (range) 5805 lb/A average yield 4452-6632 lbs/A (range) GA State Avg. = 4120 lb/A 100% - irrigated 79% - bottom plow 100% - twin rows Herbicides 57% - Sonalan 93% - Valor 50% - Dual 93% - Cadre 57% - 2,4-DB 43% - Prowl 14% - Strongarm 7% - Zidua

Paraquat Label Changes Coming EPA Interim Decision – July 2021 Limit aerial applications to a maximum of 350 acres per applicator per 24-hr period for all uses except cotton desiccation; Require a residential area drift buffer for all aerial applications (50’-75’); Prohibit use of human flaggers; Prohibit pressurized handgun and backpack sprayer application methods; Limit the maximum application rate for alfalfa to one pound of paraquat cation per acre; Require enclosed cabs if area treated in 24-hour period is more than 80 acres; Require enclosed cabs or PF10 respirators if area treated in 24-hour period is 80 acres or less; Require a 7-day restricted entry interval (REI) for cotton desiccation; Require a 48-hour REI for all crops and uses except cotton desiccation; and Require mandatory spray drift management label language.

Paraquat/Parkinson’s Disease?? Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects predominately dopamine-producing (“dopaminergic”) neurons in a specific area of the brain called substantia nigra. 1 million people in US have PD 60,000 people in US diagnosed with PD every year Men are 1.5X more likely to develop PD than women Causes: Genetics X Environment (head injuries, residence, occupation, metal exposure, TCE/PCB exposure, pesticides?) X Lifestyle 300+ lawsuits filed against paraquat Tanner et al. 2011. Rotenone, Paraquat, and Parkinson’s Disease. Environmental Health Perspectives 119(6):866-872. “Our findings, considered together with earlier results, suggest that paraquat use plays a role in human PD.” Costello et al. 2009. Parkinson’s Disease and Residential Exposure to Maneb and Paraquat from Agricultural Applications in the Central Valley of California. American Journal of Epidemiology 169:919-926. “This study provides evidence that exposure to a combination of maneb and paraquat increases PD risk, particularly in younger subjects and/or when exposure occurs at younger ages.” Tanner et al. 2009. Occupation and Risk of Parkinsonism. Archives of Neurology 66(9):1106-1113. “2,4-D, paraquat, and permethrin were associated with more than a 3-fold increased risk of disease, although precision was poor for paraquat and permethrin.”

Paraquat/Parkinson’s Disease?? Cell Death and Differentiation (2010) 17:1115-1125 “The epidemiological and clinical evidence that PQ may favor the onset of PD is inconclusive”. “In the case of PQ, the link between experiments in rodents and potential human adverse effects is weak.” PLoS ONE (2016) 11(10):e0164094 “Paraquat administered maximum tolerated doses did not induce any neuro-pathogenic effects.” 2019 EPA-OPP Review (June 26, 2019) Data from 28 human, 217 animal, and 244 in vitro studies “Weight of evidence was insufficient to link paraquat exposure from pesticide use of US registered products to PD in humans.” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health (2019) 22(5-6):172-302 Data indicates a positive association between exposure to PQ and PD occurrence, but the weight of evidence does not enable one to assume an indisputable cause/effect relationship.” Environmental Research (2020) 191:110186*** Hazard ratio for ever-use of paraquat was elevated but not statistically significant.” Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology (2021) 16-21 “No evidence of increased risk of PD or increased mortality from other causes among PQ production workers whose exposure to PQ on a daily basis was at least comparable to that of PQ sprayer or mixer/loader.” Neurotoxicology (2021) 86:80-184 “A consensus exists in the scientific community that the available evidence does not warrant a claim that paraquat causes Parkinson’s disease.” Handbook of Neurotoxicity (2021) 1-19 “Weight of evidence is sufficient to conclude a generic association between PQ exposure and PD exists, but is not sufficient to conclude that this is a causal relationship.”

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