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A. S. Culpepper
A. C. York
University of Georgia and N. C. State

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
  1. 2002 Cotton Production Workshop, Tifton, GA
  2. Topics for Discussion
  3. Cotton Burndown
  4. Cotton Burndown - Focus: cutleaf eveningprimrose
  5. Cotton Burndown
  6. Cotton Burndown
  7. If you want use 2,4-D
  8. Relative Response of Cutleaf Eveningprimrose to Glyphosate Tank Mixes.
  9. Wheat Response to Glyphosate Applied Alone and in Mixture with Caparol
  10. Summary - cutleaf eveningprimrose
  11. Percent primrose control by Liberty
  12. Wild Radish
  13. Wild Radish Impact on Cotton Emergence
  14. Summary - Wild Radish
  15. Liberty Link Cotton
  16. Liberty Link (2003)
  17. Liberty Link (2004)
  18. Liberty Link (2004) -- One Possibility
  19. Liberty vs. Roundup
  20. Pitted Morningglory Response to Liberty and Glyphosate
  21. Non-treated vs Liberty
  22. Palmer must be small for Liberty
  23. Possible Liberty Link Systems
  24. Roundup Ready Flex
  25. Roundup Ready Flex tolerance study.
  26. Early Season Weed Competition
  27. Early Season Competition
  28. Effect of PRE Herbicides on RR Seedcotton Yield.
  29. Trifloxysulfuron-sodium
  30. Envoke
  31. Envoke vs. Staple
  32. Zorial and Envoke
  33. Envoke: favorable conditions vs dry conditions
  34. Smallflower Morningglory Control
  35. Envoke
  36. Envoke
  37. Syngenta RR Cotton Herbicide Program
  38. Nutsedge Control with Envoke
  39. Injury Issues with Envoke
  40. Suprend
  41. Syngenta Cotton Herbicide Program
  42. Touchdown plus Dual Magnum
  43. Injury Range
  44. Cotton Response to Glyphosate + Dual
  45. Touchdown plus Dual Magnum
  46. Do not apply Dual and Staple within a couple of days of each other
  47. Touchdown plus Dual Magnum
  48. glyphosate and Dual Magnum
  49. glyphosate and Dual Magnum
  50. Dual vs. Staple in Glyphosate Topical Mixture
  51. Do Not Use Dual PRE on Georgia Soils
  52. Aim Postemergence-directed
  53. Most Likely Fit for Aim in Cotton
  54. Large Morningglory Response to Layby Herbicides
  55. Most Likely Fit for Aim in Cotton
  56. Aim
  57. Directed Applications: Glyphosate + Aim vs Glyphosate alone
  58. Plant terminal response to Aim "running" the stem
  59. Aim Application Timing
  60. Valor for Layby (2004)
  61. Large Morningglory Response to Layby Herbicides
  62. Valor for Layby (2004)
  63. Weed Resistance to Glyphosate
  64. Weed Resistance to Glyphosate: Should We Be Concerned?
  65. Weed Resistance to Glyphosate: ABSOLUTELY!
  66. Known Cases of Resistance to Glyphosate
  67. Horseweed
  68. How Can We Deal With Resistance?
  69. Practical Things to Help Avoid Resistance
  70. Integrate non-chemical control
  71. Detecting Herbicide Resistance
  72. Indicators of Resistance
  73. Resistance
  74. Progression of Herbicide Resistance
  75. Weed Shifts are a greater issue at this time in Georgia cotton
  76. Tropical spiderwort, Asiatic dayflower, Spreading dayflower
  77. Below ground fruiting structures
  78. Spiderwort
  79. Spiderwort's rank as Georgia's Most Troublesome Weeds in Cotton
  80. Spiderwort response to Roundup UltraMax
  81. 37 "systems" evaluated at 2 locations to control tropical spiderwort
  82. Spiderwort
  83. Spiderwort
  84. What do we know from 2002?
  85. What do we know from 2002?
  86. What do we know from 2001-2002?
  87. Percent tropical spiderwort control at cotton harvest.
  88. What do we know from 2002?
  89. Tropical Spiderwort Infestation
  90. Morningglory Continues to be Troublesome to Georgia Growers?
  91. Morningglory Continues to be Troublesome to Georgia Growers?
  92. Morningglory Continues to be Troublesome to Georgia Growers?
  93. Residual Morningglory Control?
  94. Fairly common scene at harvest across the state
  95. Two Possible Issues?
  96. Two Possible Issues?
  97. Two Possible Issues?
  98. Glyphosate Formulations
  99. Glyphosate Formulations
  100. Registered Uses on Roundup Ready Crops
  101. Glyphosate Formulations
  102. Glyphosate Formulations
  103. Glyphosate Formulations
  104. Glyphosate Formulations
  105. Glyphosate Formulations
  106. So, which brand of glyphosate should you use?
  107. Crop and weeds apparently don't care
  108. Pricing is important
  109. Also consider service and guarantees
  110. Should you consider future developments in technology?
  111. Roundup WeatherMax
  112. 2002 Cotton Production Workshop, Tifton, GA



SLIDE CONTENTS
  1. 2002 Cotton Production Workshop Tifton, GA Culpepper and York
  2. Topics for Discussion Burndown for conservation tillage Liberty Link Technology Roundup Ready Flex Early-season weed competition Touchdown + Dual Magnum CGA 362622 = Envoke; Suprend Aim (directed treatments Valor (directed treatments) Roundup resistance concerns Tropical spiderwort Morningglory Palmer amaranth Glyphosate formulations
  3. Cotton Burndown
  4. Cotton Burndown Focus: cutleaf eveningprimrose Put 2,4-D out in Feb/March followed by glyphosate or paraquat near planting 2. Apply glyphosate or paraquat + 2,4-D near planting (be aware of plant back interval)
  5. Cotton Burndown Put 2,4-D out in Feb/March followed by glyphosate or paraquat near planting a) better weed coverage, smaller weeds b) very flexible at planting c) no plant back issues d) tank hopefully cleaned out by now e) two trips are necessary
  6. Cotton Burndown Apply glyphosate or paraquat + 2,4-D near planting (be aware of plant back interval) plant back restrictions weed coverage questionable tank cleanout more of an issue single application
  7. If you want use 2,4-D then Glyphosate plus Clarity* Or Glyphosate plus Valor* *Beware of plant back restrictions
  8. Relative Response of Cutleaf Eveningprimrose to Glyphosate Tank Mixes.* *Estimates based on GA and NC data 30 DAT from 1999 to 2002. Alone Aim Harmony Extra Goal Resource Valor Clarity 2,4-D 16 6 13 6 6 12 7 16 # of trials
  9. Roundup UltraMax (1.6 pt) + 1.5 pt Caparol Wheat Response to Glyphosate Applied Alone and in Mixture with Caparol. Ponder Farm, 2001; 16 DAT.
  10. Summary - cutleaf eveningprimrose 1. 2,4-D, glyphosate + 2,4-D, paraquat + 2,4-D 2. glyphosate + Valor or Clarity
  11. Percent primrose control by Liberty. Tifton, 2002. 33 day after treatment.* 20 oz 27 oz 32 oz Liberty 56 85 93 *Not an economical option at this time.
  12. Wild Radish
  13. Wild Radish Impact on Cotton Emergence Wild radish Cotton stand residue* reduction 0.5 29 1.0 78 1.5 100 2.0 100 *percent of soil by weight. Jason Norsworthy, Clemson University.
  14. Summary - Wild radish 1. glyphosate + 2,4-D, Harmony Extra paraquat + 2,4-D, Direx, Harmony Extra 2. glyphosate + Valor, Direx 3. glyphosate
  15. Liberty Link Cotton
  16. Liberty Link (2003) Approximately 15 bags per sales rep 2 cultivars: 989 and 966 series, no Bt
  17. Liberty Link (2004) Liberty is expensive…..how will it compete
  18. Liberty Link (2004) – One Possibility Roundup Ready Seed + 2 application of glyphosate equals (approximately) Liberty Link Seed + 2 applications of Liberty (32 oz)
  19. Liberty vs. Roundup* Weed Liberty Roundup Application window + - Eveningprimrose + - Goosegrass - + Large grasses - + Morningglory + - Nutsedge - + Palmer amaranth - + Perennial grasses - + Volunteer peanut + - *Control of many weeds is similar. Assuming proper rates and application.
  20. Pitted Morningglory Response to Liberty and Glyphosate. Moultrie, GA, 2001. non-treated Liberty glyphosate (27 oz/A) (0.75 lb ae/A)
  21. non-treated Liberty (27.4 oz/A) LL cotton trial, TyTy, 2001.
  22. Palmer must be small for Liberty
  23. Possible Liberty Link Systems Yellow herbicide at plant, Liberty 1-2 leaf topical, Liberty 6-8 leaf topical, timely directed 2. Yellow plus Cotoran or Staple, Liberty timely 3- 6 leaf, timely directed
  24. Roundup Ready Flex Will contain new transformation event Greater gene expression in floral parts Greater tolerance to later overtop applications 2006???
  25. Roundup Ready Flex tolerance study. 2002. Mechanically harvested seed cotton yield. lb ae/A* *Applied overtop 3-, 6-, 10-, and 14-leaf. **Not in commercial variety.
  26. Early Season Weed Competition 2 inch weeds 5 inch weeds 8 inch weeds Application Timing
  27. Early Season Competition First 4 to 6 weeks still most important for weeds 2. Approximately 40% of time use PRE or be willing to make 2 topical applications following label recommendations.
  28. Effect of PRE Herbicides on RR Seedcotton Yield.1 1070 b 1460 a No PRE Avg. 10 PRE’s 1Study in 1998 conducted at Goldsboro, NC.
  29. Trifloxysulfuron-sodium Trifloxysulfuron-sodium is a post-emergence, broad-spectrum, ALS inhibitor herbicide Trifloxysulfuron will be marketed in two brands: Envoke – 75WG trifloxysulfuron Suprend – trifloxysulfuron + prometryn
  30. Envoke New product from Syngenta Fourth quarter EPA work plan Broadleaf and sedge herbicide, do NOT mix with graminicides Short soil residual; limited PRE activity
  31. Envoke vs. Staple* Weed Envoke Staple Application window + Dayflower species ++ Morningglory + Nutsedge ++ Palmer amaranth + Prickly sida ++ Sicklepod ++ Smallflower mg** ++ Tall morningglory ++ *Assuming proper postemergence rates and application. **Absolutely no control by Envoke
  32. Zorial PRE + Envoke 0.0047 LB A/A 14 DAT
  33. Envoke applied under Envoke applied under favorable conditions dry conditions 14 DAT
  34. glyphosate Envoke Smallflower Morningglory Control. 14 DAT.
  35. Envoke Mix with Staple or glyphosate: Apparently NO
  36. Envoke Where might Syngenta promote the herbicide?
  37. Syngenta RR Cotton Herbicide Program
  38. Untreated check Glyphosate + Dual 1- to 2-leaf Envoke 5- to 8-leaf Nutsedge Control with Envoke
  39. Injury Issues with Envoke Expect some injury. Usually moderate but occasionally severe. Recovers quickly with no yield loss in most studies across Southeast. Envoke 0.0047 lb/A OT 4-lf Non-treated Control
  40. Syngenta Cotton Herbicide Program + Dual MAGNUM
  41. Touchdown plus Dual Magnum Apply to cotton > 3” but before 5 leaf stage Do not use ANY additive, avoid dew
  42. Injury Range From glyphosate plus Dual
  43. Cotton Response to Glyphosate + Dual* heavy dew no dew *Application with dew applied 7 am. Application without dew applied 11 am.
  44. Touchdown plus Dual Magnum Apply to cotton > 3” but before 5 leaf stage Do not use ANY additives, avoid dew Do not mix with staple
  45. Do not apply Dual and Staple within a couple of days of each other glyphosate + Dual glyphosate + Dual + Staple
  46. Touchdown plus Dual Magnum Apply to cotton > 3” but before 5 leaf stage Do not use ANY additives, avoid dew Do not mix with staple Residual weed control of pigweeds, grasses, pusley, and spiderwort
  47. glyphosate @ 4 leaf cotton + Dual Magnum 1 pt/A 1) Dayflower emerged 3 to 7 day after 4 leaf application. Rain 3 d after application. 2) Prowl applied PRE. No layby.
  48. glyphosate @ 4 lf + 1 pt Dual Magnum Attapulgus, 2001 *Irrigated within 48 hrs.
  49. Dual vs. Staple in Glyphosate Topical Mixture* Weed Dual Staple Annual grasses ++ Dayflower species ++ + Florida pusley + Morningglory ++ Nutsedge + Palmer amaranth ++ ++ Sicklepod Cost of treatment ++ *Assuming proper postemergence rates and application.
  50. Dual Magnum PRE Do Not Use Dual PRE on Georgia Soils
  51. label claims control of: pigweed species lambsquarters cocklebur morningglory velvetleaf spurred anoda smartweed hemp sesbania common ragweed Aim Postemergence-directed
  52. Most Likely Fit for Aim in Cotton Tank mix with glyphosate to improve morningglory control
  53. Roundup UltraMax 1.6 pt Large Morningglory Response to Layby Herbicides. 5 DAT. Irwin Co., GA, 2001. *Trial conducted on farm in Irwin County with Gibbs Wilson. + Aim 0.6 oz/A
  54. Most Likely Fit for Aim in Cotton What about tank mixing with other products for morningglory control?
  55. Glyphosate + Aim Glyphosate alone directed applications
  56. Plant terminal response to Aim “running” the stem
  57. Aim Application Timing Treat Aim as a true layby directed herbicide applying when cotton is at least 16 inches tall and the stem is completely woody.
  58. 4th quarter 2003 EPA workplan 18 inch cotton or larger, completely “woody” glyphosate plus 1-2 oz per acre MSMA plus 2 oz per acre postemergence control of most weeds residual control of many weeds Valor for Layby (2004)
  59. Large Morningglory Response to Layby Herbicides. 5 DAT. Irwin Co., GA, 2001. *Trial conducted on farm in Irwin County with Gibbs Wilson. UltraMax 1.6 pt + Valor 1 oz Roundup UltraMax 1.6 pt
  60. Off-labeled use of this product in 2003 could jeopardize the potential for a 2004 label Valor for Layby (2004)
  61. Weed Resistance to Glyphosate
  62. Weed Resistance to Glyphosate: Should We Be Concerned?
  63. Weed Resistance to Glyphosate: Should We Be Concerned? ABSOLUTELY!
  64. Known Cases of Resistance to Glyphosate Species Location Goosegrass Malaysia Rigid ryegrass California, Australia, South Africa Italian ryegrass Chile Horseweed Tennessee, Delaware
  65. HORSEWEED
  66. How Can We Deal With Resistance? 1. Take your chances, deal with it if and when it happens Manage to avoid it, or at least delay its development
  67. Practical Things to Help Avoid Resistance 1. Avoid over-reliance on same mode of action a. Rotate modes of action b. Use more than one MOA Tank mixes, sequential applications
  68. Practical Things to Help Avoid Resistance 1. Avoid over-reliance on same mode of action a. Rotate modes of action MOA tables in Extension pubs or online b. Use more than one MOA Tank mixes, sequential applications 2. Integrate non-chemical control, such as cultivation and primary tillage, where practical
  69. Progression of Herbicide Resistance
  70. Weed Shifts are a greater issue at this time in Georgia cotton
  71. Asiatic dayflower Spreading dayflower Tropical spiderwort
  72. above ground below ground seed seed below ground fruiting structures
  73. Spiderworts rank as Georgia’s Most troublesome weeds in cotton 1999: not ranked 2001: ninth 2003: number 1
  74. Spiderwort response to Roundup UltraMax* *Pictures 15 d after treatment. No plants died from any treatment.
  75. 37 “systems” evaluated at 2 locations to control tropical spiderwort in 2002. Control at harvest: < 50% control: 49 50 to 80% control: 19 80-90% control: 5 >90% control: 1
  76. Grady Co. 2002
  77. What do we know from 2002? Greater than 85% residual control at 30 days: Command Dual (can not use at plant) Greater than 70% residual control at 30 days: Cotoran Direx* Zorial *Caparol or Cotton-Pro not included in trial.
  78. What do we know from 2002? Postemergence control (<3 inch): 1. Paraquat (Gramoxone, Boa) (>90%) 2. MSMA (2 lb/A) tank mixes (80-90%) 3. Glyphosate + Aim, Direx, Staple (70-85%)
  79. What do we know from 2001-2002? Best system so far: Prowl/Treflan at plant (no effect on spiderwort) Glyphosate + Dual early POST Direx (1 qt) + MSMA (2 lb/A) directed All applications were EXTREMELY timely.
  80. Percent tropical spiderwort control at cotton harvest. Grady County, 2001-2002. Yellow herbicide at plant; glyphosate + Dual early Post; Direx + MSMA directed 57 95 78 87
  81. What do we know from 2002? We must get more residual in the program Where do we put the residual We must learn spiderwort emergence pattern If you don’t have the weed; make sure you don’t get it.
  82. Tropical Spiderwort Infestation Red = severe Orange = moderate Green = light Yellow = exist Gray = not found
  83. Morningglory Continues to be Troublesome to Georgia Growers? WHY??????
  84. Morningglory Continues to be Troublesome to Georgia Growers? At plant: Cotoran, Direx, Staple Early Post: Glyphosate, Staple, Staple Plus Directed: MSMA plus Caparol, Cobra, Cotoran, Direx, Staple, glyphosate plus Aim, Caparol, Direx, Harvade, Staple
  85. Morningglory Continues to be Troublesome to Georgia Growers? Timeliness of application (i.e. large at time of application) No residual in the system
  86. Residual Morningglory Control? Cotoran Direx Staple Caparol
  87. Fairly common scene at harvest across the state
  88. Two Possible Issues? Pigweed is to large at time of layby Pigweed comes up after layby
  89. Two Possible Issues? Pigweed is to large at time of layby a) add a preemergence herbicide such a yellow herbicide, Cotoran, Staple b) Add Dual or Staple in at early POST
  90. Two Possible Issues? 2. Pigweed comes up after layby a) use layby option with residual activity such as Direx, Caparol, Prowl
  91. Glyphosate Formulations
  92. Glyphosate Formulations Numerous brands available All registered for burndown, selective applicators, and preharvest Most, but not all, registered for use in RR crops
  93. Registered Uses on Roundup Ready Crops Brand Soybean Corn Cotton Clearout 41 Plus Yes Yes Yes Gly-4 Yes Yes Yes Gly-4 Plus Yes Yes Yes Gly-Flo No Yes No Glyfos Yes Yes Yes Glyfos X-TRA Yes Yes Yes Glyphomax Yes Yes Yes Glyphomax Plus Yes Yes Yes Gly Star Original Yes Yes Yes Gly Star Plus Yes Yes Yes Roundup Original Yes Yes No Roundup UltraMax Yes Yes Yes Roundup WeatherMax Yes Yes Yes Touchdown Yes Yes Yes
  94. Glyphosate Formulations Numerous brands available Three basic formulations
  95. Glyphosate Formulations Some brands are “loaded”, some require surfactant; AMS and drift control agent can be added to any Formulations and concentrations vary; only way to compare use rates is on the basis of acid equivalence
  96. Basic Glyphosate Formulations Formulation Brand lb salt/gal lb ae/gal diammonium Touchdown 3.57 3.0 salt potassium Roundup 5.5 4.5 salt WeatherMax isopropylamine All except 4.0 3.0 salt the above 5.0 3.7 5.4 4.0
  97. Formulation lb salt/gal lb ae/gal Comparative rates IPA salt 4.0 3.0 0.375 lb ae = 16 fl oz 0.563 lb ae = 24 fl oz 0.750 lb ae = 32 fl oz IPA salt 5.0 3.7 0.375 lb ae = 13.0 fl oz 0.563 lb ae = 19.5 fl oz 0.750 lb ae = 26.0 fl oz DA salt 3.57 3.0 0.375 lb ae = 16 fl oz 0.563 lb ae = 24 fl oz 0.750 lb ae = 32 fl oz K salt 5.5 4.5 0.375 lb ae = 10.7 fl oz 0.563 lb ae = 16.0 fl oz 0.750 lb ae = 21.3 fl oz
  98. So, which brand of glyphosate should you use?
  99. So, which brand of glyphosate should you use? 1. Crop and weeds apparently don’t care
  100. So, which brand of glyphosate should you use? 1. Crop and weeds apparently don’t care 2. Pricing is important
  101. So, which brand of glyphosate should you use? 1. Crop and weeds apparently don’t care 2. Pricing is important 3. Also consider service and guarantees
  102. So, which brand of glyphosate should you use? 1. Crop and weeds apparently don’t care 2. Pricing is important 3. Also consider service and guarantees 4. Should you consider future developments in technology?
  103. Roundup WeatherMax 1. Replacing UltraMax 2. Potassium salt 5.5 lb salt/gal; 4.5 lb ae/gal 3. 30-min rainfree warranty 4. Claim better activity under marginal conditions 5. Better bulk handling characteristics
  104. 2002 Cotton Production Workshop Tifton, GA Culpepper and York